Generated by All in One SEO v4.9.0, this is an llms.txt file, used by LLMs to index the site. # CEDA ## Sitemaps - [XML Sitemap](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website. ## Posts - [Majority by Count, Minority by Scale: Women's Informal Manufacturing Enterprises in India](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/majority-by-count-minority-by-scale-womens-informal-manufacturing-enterprises-in-india/) - Women own a majority of informal manufacturing enterprises in India, but these enterprises are concentrated in a handful of industries, with most operating from household premises and without hired workers. - [What India's 2024 crime statistics reveal (and miss) about violence against women](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/what-indias-2024-crime-statistics-reveal-and-miss-about-violence-against-women/) - A crime against a woman was registered every 71 seconds in India in 2024, yet official statistics provide only a partial account of violence against women, reflecting incidents that are reported, recorded, and recognised within the criminal justice system. - [Beyond ownership: Inside India’s informal manufacturing sector](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/beyond-ownership-inside-indias-informal-manufacturing-sector/) - India’s informal manufacturing sector in 2024 was characterised by the predominance of own-account enterprises (88.3%) and household-based production (72.3%), while internet adoption remained limited at just 16%. - [Discriminatory Social Norms and Early Childhood Development](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/discriminatory-social-norms-and-early-childhood-development/) - Patterns of child malnutrition in India reveal the imprint of caste, with Scheduled Caste children south of the Vindhyas significantly less likely to be stunted and taller than those in the north, while upper-caste children show no comparable regional difference. - [Caste and the Architecture of Schooling in India](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/caste-and-the-architecture-of-schooling-in-india/) - Across rural and urban India, SC/ST students remain concentrated in government schools, where students across caste groups spend more than twice their school fees on private tuition. - [Expanding, Yet Unequal: The Story of Women-Owned Informal Enterprises in India](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/expanding-yet-unequal-the-story-of-women-owned-informal-enterprises-in-india/) - Women account for nearly 1 in 4 informal enterprises in India, driven primarily by manufacturing, but only about 1 in 7 in trade and services. - [Who Pays The Cost of School Education in India?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/who-pays-the-cost-of-school-education-in-india/) - Nearly 97% of students across all school types are primarily financed by their families- making household budgets, not public aid , the backbone of education in India. - [Shadow Classrooms: Grip of Private Tuitions on Indian Education](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/shadow-classrooms-grip-of-private-tuitions-on-indian-education/) - From primary school onwards, private tuition/coaching takes up about one-third of household education spending, rising to nearly match school fees in the higher grades. - [Trends in borrowings of Indian Households from 2003-2019](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/trends-in-borrowings-of-indian-households-from-2003-2019/) - Between 2003 and 2019, the overall level of household indebtedness remained largely stable, with approximately 40% of households carrying outstanding loans throughout this period. However, the composition of credit shifted markedly: commercial bank loans grew from 7% to 24%, while reliance on co-operatives (10% to 5%) and informal lenders (25% to 19%) fell, especially after 2013. - [Digital dreams, gendered realities: Women in digital India](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/digital-dreams-gendered-realities-women-in-digital-india/) - Near-universal connectivity masks gender gaps: women trail men in smartphone ownership, online activity, and digital financial participation. - [From ownership to operations: mapping gender inequality in India’s informal enterprises](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/from-ownership-to-operations-mapping-gender-inequality-in-indias-informal-enterprises/) - Although rural areas host a higher share of female-owned establishments, these remain the most operationally constrained: in 2023–24, just 16 percent operated outside their home, 60.3 percent had a bank account, 0.5 percent used computers, and only 9.4 percent accessed the internet—marking the lowest access across all gender and sector groups. - [One Nation, Many Disconnects: Mapping India’s Home Internet Gaps](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/one-nation-many-disconnects-mapping-indias-home-internet-gaps/) - As of early 2025, nearly half of rural and over 40 percent of urban offline households in India remained disconnected—not for lack of infrastructure, but because they didn’t know what the internet is or how to use it. - [Unplugged and Unseen: The Caste Divide in Connected India](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/unplugged-and-unseen-the-caste-divide-in-connected-india/) - Nearly universal internet access among urban upper-caste households (94.5 percent) contrasts starkly with the limited high-speed access among urban Scheduled Castes (SCs), where just one in eight use WiFi and even fewer are connected via optical fibre. - [Mahindra and Mahindra: Expanding Gender Diversity in Manufacturing: The Swaraj Initiative](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/mahindra-and-mahindra-expanding-gender-diversity-in-manufacturing-the-swaraj-initiative/) - A case study on Mahindra & Mahindra's efforts to increase women's representation in the auto and tractor manufacturing sector, focusing on Swaraj's initiatives to break gender barriers on shop floors. - [From Intent to Practice: Fostering Gender-Inclusive Workplaces](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/from-intent-to-practice-fostering-gender-inclusive-workplaces-2/) - Learnings on gender inclusivity in workplaces from surveying 200 senior human resource officers in organisations across 5 high priority sectors in India. - [HCL: Efforts to Repair the Broken Rung](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/hcl-efforts-to-repair-the-broken-rung/) - A case study on HCLTech's Efforts to Repair the Broken Rung, focuses on addressing the underrepresentation of women in leadership within India's IT sector. - [HCL: Returnship Programs in India’s Corporate Sector](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/hcl-returnship-programs-in-indias-corporate-sector/) - An exploration of Return to Work (RTW) Programs in India, focusing on how companies across various sectors have reintegrated skilled women professionals into the workforce after career breaks. - [Quess: Gender Diversity in the Flexi Staffing Sector](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/quess-gender-diversity-in-the-flexi-staffing-sector/) - A case study on gender diversity in India's flexi-staffing sector, highlighting Quess Corp's efforts to address challenges such as societal norms, safety concerns, and high early attrition among female associates. - [Wipro: WoW Mom Program and Gender Equity Journey](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/wipro-wow-mom-program-and-gender-equity-journey/) - A case study on Wipro's efforts to level the ‘leaky middle’, where retention rates drop significantly as women transition into motherhood. - [Delhivery: Pushing to Diversify Its Warehouse Workforce](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/delhivery-pushing-to-diversify-its-warehouse-workforce/) - A case study focusing on the logistics sector in India, traditionally a male-dominated field, examining how Delhivery has addressed gender disparities. - [The Returnship Road](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/the-returnship-report/) - Enabling women’s re-entry into the workforce after a career break — a look at what works and what doesn't - [GenderStats 5: Underage Marriage - 1](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/genderstats-5-underage-marriage-1/) - The proposed amendment to raise the legal marriage age for women from 18 to 21 comes amid a steady decline in underage marriages—falling from 47.4% in 2005–06 to 23.3% in 2020–21—suggesting progress under existing laws and social change. - [GenderStats 7: Underage Marriage - 3](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/genderstats-7-underage-marriage-3/) - Higher levels of women’s education are strongly associated with lower rates of underage marriage across Indian states. States with the highest rates of child marriage tend to have the lowest share of women completing 10 or more years of schooling. - [GenderStats 6: Underage Marriage - 2](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/genderstats-6-underage-marriage-2/) - State-wise data shows a moderate negative correlation between income levels and underage marriage rates. While richer states generally report fewer underage marriages, exceptions like Telangana highlight regional disparities. - [Gender gaps in informal sector entrepreneurship in India](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/gender-gaps-in-informal-sector-entrepreneurship-in-india/) - Women own about a quarter of all proprietary establishments in India’s informal sector, with most of these enterprises being solo-run without any hired workers. - [Too good to be true? Steadily rising female labour force participation rates in India](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/too-good-to-be-true-steadily-rising-female-labour-force-participation-rates-in-india/) - While the recent rise in women’s labour force participation is real, it would be premature to view it as a transformative shift - [Are manufacturing jobs growing or declining? Here’s what the data shows](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/are-manufacturing-jobs-growing-or-declining-heres-what-the-data-shows/) - A study based on National Statistical Office (NSO) surveys suggests that manufacturing employment in India has grown in recent years but not to the extent quoted by some experts. - [Is this the place where we sign up for jobs?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/is-this-the-place-where-we-sign-up-for-jobs/) - Field observations of the pushes and pulls of young women’s economic aspirations in rural Uttar Pradesh - [The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on People’s Economic Lives](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/the-impact-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-peoples-economic-lives/) - Our special publication documenting shifts in employment patterns and household financial flows in the pandemic years. - [Growing more, eating less: India’s cereal consumption patterns](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/growing-more-eating-less-indias-cereal-consumption-patterns/) - India’s food grain production has steadily increased in the last few decades. But this period has also witnessed a sharp decline in per capita monthly cereal consumption. - [What is the primary source of drinking water for Indian households?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/what-is-the-primary-source-of-drinking-water-for-indian-households/) - Hand pumps and tube wells remained the most common source of drinking water in India in 2020-21 with 39.7 percent of Indian households relying on them. - [A decade of the POSH Act: What the data tells us about how India Inc. has fared](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/a-decade-of-the-posh-act-what-the-data-tells-us-about-how-india-inc-has-fared/) - The number of cases being reported by India Inc. has increased over the years. However, most cases are being reported by a small set of companies, raising concerns of possibly poor awareness and compliance at large - [How much do India’s factory workers earn on average?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/how-much-do-indias-factory-workers-earn-on-average/) - At constant prices, daily earnings of factory floor workers in the formal manufacturing sector recorded a compounded annual growth rate of only 0.6 percent between 2002-03 and 2021-22 - [The contractualisation of workforce in India’s factories continues](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/the-contractualisation-of-workforce-in-indias-factories-continues/) - The share of contract workers in India’s formal manufacturing workforce has grown from 23.1 percent in 2002-03 to 40.2 percent in 2021-22 - [A summer of discontent for India’s soybean farmers](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/a-summer-of-discontent-for-indias-soybean-farmers/) - Soybean prices are on a downward trajectory. While that may spell respite for consumers, for farmers, the outlook is more pessimistic. - [How does labour force participation vary across Indian states?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/how-does-labour-force-participation-vary-across-indian-states/) - Some of India’s smaller states such as Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, and Nagaland had the highest labour force participation rate (LFPR) in 2022-23. They also had higher female LFPR. - [MGNREGA: The Rescue Act in Need of Assistance](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/mgnrega-the-rescue-act-in-need-of-assistance/) - Explicitly recognizing the right to work as a fundamental right, the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government introduced a major social safety measure: the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA, popularly known as NREGA) in 2005. The Act aims to provide 100 days of employment in a financial year to every rural household for - [CEDA EcoMeter: Under Covid’s shadow, economy hits a snag](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/under-the-shadow-of-covid-19-economic-activity-hits-a-snag/) - On Monday, 31 st May 2021, the Indian government released the latest estimates of economic growth for the year 2020-21. India’s GDP contracted by 7.3 percent in 2020-21, as per these estimates. This follows a GDP growth of 4 percent in 2019-20. India’s average GDP growth in the last four years has been just 2.5 percent, partly because - [Picture This: India's Covid vaccinations take a dive](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/picture-this-indias-covid-vaccinations-take-a-dive/) - India started phase 4 of its Covid-19 vaccination program on May 1, 2021 with all adult Indians eligible to get vaccinated. This opened vaccinations to an estimated 59 crore Indians in the 18-45 year age group. The chart above depicts the daily count of Covid vaccinations in India and also breaks them into four - [Will India face a third wave of Covid-19?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/will-india-face-a-third-wave-of-covid-19/) - The Coronavirus pandemic has been center stage in India’s public discourse since March 2020 when the country saw the first lockdown being imposed. Till 9 July 2021, India had officially reported a cumulative 30.7 million cases of Covid-19 with more than 400,000 deaths. The months of April and May 2021 saw India face a brutal - [HDI: How States Fare in Human Development](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/hdi-how-states-fare-in-human-development/) - National Statistical Office (NSO) recently released a working paper titled Gendering Human Development. It is a working paper for computing Human Development Index (HDI), Gender Development Index (GDI), and Gender Inequality Index (GII) for Indian states. The theory of measuring human development was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and this has been further - [EPFO: Data shows the Covid pandemic hurt younger workforce more](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/epfo-data-shows-the-covid-pandemic-hurt-younger-workforce-more/) - According to the International Labour Organization’s data, India had an unemployment rate of 7.11 percent in 2020, the highest it has been since 1991. Earlier, CEDA-CMIE analysis showed that manufacturing employment in India had halved between 2016-17 and 2020-21. In a country like India, hoping to benefit from its demographic dividend, real time employment data - [Picture This: India’s unemployment rate in 2020 highest since 1991](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/picture-this-indias-unemployment-rate-in-2020-highest-since-1991/) - India’s unemployment rate rose sharply in 2020 to reach the highest it has been since 1991, according to the International Labour Organization’s (ILO) ILOSTAT database. The Figure above tracks India’s unemployment rate (percentage of total labour force) between 1991 and 2020. It tracks the data for nine countries other than India. These are Bangladesh, - [What data has been telling us: The job crisis is real](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/what-data-has-been-telling-us-the-job-crisis-is-real/) - Student protests in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh against the Ministry of Railways’ recruitment process have grabbed public attention in the last week. The visuals of police action against the protesting students ought to draw our attention to the root cause of student unrest, viz., the rising unemployment in the country. No wonder these protests are - [Periodic Labour Force Survey 2019-20: What does it tell us?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/periodic-labour-force-survey-2019-20-what-does-it-tell-us/) - 1. Introduction The National Statistical Office (NSO) has recently released the third annual report of the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) for the year 2019-20 and also the quarterly estimates for urban areas based on the panel survey of urban households till June 2020. At a first glance, the annual report shows improvements in the - [Healthcare Expenditure: A Festering Wound Ignored](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/healthcare-expenditure-a-festering-wound-ignored/) - In April 2020, a team of researchers affiliated with the Centre for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy (CDDEP) and Princeton University provided a state-wise estimate of hospital beds, ICU beds and ventilators in India. This was done with the backdrop of the national lockdown in India imposed in March 2020. The last point in the - [Does India have an inequality problem?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/does-india-have-an-inequality-problem/) - Rising inequality is a worldwide problem. How does India look in this regard? The Indian economy experienced the biggest contraction in post-independence period in 2020-21 (7.3 percent; NSO, MOSPI) with Covid-19 pandemic wreaking havoc. At the same time, the number of Indian billionaires rose from 102 to 140 last year; their combined wealth nearly doubling - [Gold, real-estate or business: How do households intend to save?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/ceda-cmie-bulletin-household-savings-take-a-hit/) - How has the Covid-19 pandemic affected personal (household) savings? There is a trade-off between current liquidity and locking money away in assets. We need liquidity to take care of immediate financial needs. We also save (invest) in financial or other assets as protection against future shocks or for longer term gains, e.g. invest in gold, - [India’s Industrial Sector: The Rise of the Contract Worker](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/indias-industrial-sector-the-rise-of-the-contract-worker/) - In the years 2019 and 2020, the Parliament passed four labour code bills. These were The Wage Code (WC), 2019, the Industrial Relations Code (IRC), 2020, the Social Security Code (SSC), 2020, and the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code (OSHWC), 2020. According to news reports, these four labour codes will be implemented by - [The Indian Recovery Trajectory: U, V, W or K-shaped?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/the-indian-gdp-trajectory-u-v-w-or-k-shaped/) - Vineeta Sharma helps us understand the shapes of economic recoveries. She argues that V, W and U can be understood as possible recovery shapes, K can at best describe the evolution of inequalities in the economy, in any particular phase of the business cycle. She presents data to show that the Indian economy is witnessing a possible V shaped recovery, with a continuation of rising inequalities in both income and wealth. - [How many women work in India’s factories?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/how-many-women-work-in-indias-factories/) - Of the millions of workers who worked in India’s factories in 2019-20, less than a fifth were women. This share has remained largely unchanged for over two decades. - [What data told us about India in 2022](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/what-data-told-us-about-india-in-2022/) - Looking back at the year from the lens of data - [Does the size of an organisation have any link to the share of women it employs?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/does-the-size-of-an-organisation-have-any-link-to-the-share-of-women-it-employs/) - Bigger firms tend to employ a larger proportion of women, possibly because they offer better non-wage benefits (such as maternity leave, childcare, transport, paid leaves and healthcare benefits) to workers. - [Assembly Elections 2023: Access to basic housing infrastructure in the five states](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/assembly-elections-2023-access-to-basic-housing-infrastructure-in-the-five-states/) - An analysis of data from the NSS (Round 78) to understand housing conditions of different groups in Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Mizoram, Rajasthan and Telangana as they head into assembly polls. - [Assembly Elections 2023: Unravelling patterns of labour force participation in the five states](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/assembly-elections-2023-unravelling-patterns-of-labour-force-participation-in-the-five-states/) - A deep dive into the labour force and employment patterns in Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Mizoram, Rajasthan and Telangana as they head into assembly polls. - [Illusory or real? Unpacking the recent increase in women’s labour force participation in India](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/illusory-or-real-unpacking-the-recent-increase-in-womens-labour-force-participation-in-india/) - From recording a substantial decline in the first two decades of the millennium, India’s female labour force participation is finally showing some improvement. What’s driving this shift? - [The Covid-19 Pandemic and Lockdown: First Effects on Gender Gaps in Employment and Domestic Work in India](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/the-covid-19-pandemic-and-lockdown-first-effects-on-gender-gaps-in-employment-and-domestic-work-in-india/) - Based on national-level panel data from Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE)’s Consumer Pyramids Household Survey (CPHS) database, this paper investigates the first effects of Covid-19 induced lockdown on employment and hours spent on household work. Identifying roughly over 40,000 individuals surveyed in April 2020 (i.e. during the strict nationwide lockdown) and examining their employment - [Is COVID-19 "The Great Leveler"? The Critical Role of Social Identity in Lockdown- induced Job Losses](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/is-covid-19-the-great-leveler-the-critical-role-of-social-identity-in-lockdown-induced-job-losses/) - Using nationally representative panel data for 21,799 individuals between May 2018 and April 2020, this paper investigates whether the Covid-19 pandemic was indeed a “Great Leveler” in the sense that it imposed similar and equivalent labour market shocks on different caste groups. We find that while all caste groups lost jobs in the first month - [GenderStats 11: How Many Men Participate in Household Chores?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/genderstats-11-how-many-men-participate-in-household-chores/) - The burden of household chores is unequally distributed in India, with women bearing overwhelming responsibility for carrying out domestic work. What percentage of men participate in domestic chores, and how does this percentage vary across states? We turn to the Time Use Survey (TUS) released by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) in 2019 for - [Budget 2022: Is This a Budget for Post-pandemic Growth?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/budget-2022-is-this-a-budget-for-post-pandemic-growth/) - Finance minister Nirmala Sitharaman can probably count herself as one of the unluckiest Finance Ministers in India. Much of her time as Finance Minister has coincided with the Covid pandemic and its ravages of the Indian economy when the annual budget has necessarily been more of an exercise in dousing fires rather than steering the - [Impact of the Lockdown on Incomes from Employment](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/impact-of-the-lockdown-on-incomes-from-employment/) - 1. Introduction In an earlier note, we examined the impact of the first lockdown on employment using the PLFS data. In this note we estimate the quarter-wise non-rentier incomes of working members of households using the same dataset where the last quarter (April to June 2020) of the survey year 2019-20 coincided with the first - [The Missing Piece of the Puzzle: Caste Discrimination and Stunting](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/the-missing-piece-of-the-puzzle-caste-discrimination-and-stunting/) - India is home to nearly one-third of all stunted children in the world, i.e., children under 5 years whose height relative to their age is below the acceptable range of global variation. Not only that, the average incidence of stunting in India is higher compared to the average of 30 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). - [GenderStats 3: Institutional Births](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/genderstats-3-institutional-births/) - Institutional birth is when a baby is delivered in a medical institution under the supervision of trained health personnel. According to NFHS-3 (2005-06), only 38.7 percent of all deliveries in the country were institutional deliveries. This figure more than doubled over the next decade to 78.9 percent in NFHS-4 (2015-16). Institutional deliveries highlight the robustness - [Understand Global Hunger Index](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/understand-global-hunger-index/) - The Global Hunger Index was in news in India recently as the country was ranked 101 out of 116 countries in the 2021 index. With a score of 27.5, the index classifies the hunger situation in India as ‘serious’. India was ranked 94 out of 101 countries in 2020. But what does the Global Hunger - [Union Budget 2023-24: A focus on growth, based on some bold assumptions](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/union-budget-2023-24-a-focus-on-growth-based-on-some-bold-assumptions/) - Key highlights The Union budget assumes a nominal growth rate of 10.5 percent, making an implicit assumption of a modest inflation rate of 4 percent during the year, lower than what the RBI has projected The reliance on capital expenditure to drive growth has the potential to trigger multiplier effects that could translate into creation - [Covid-19 and Policy: How Nations Responded to the Challenge](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/covid-19-and-policy-how-nations-responded-to-the-challenge/) - On January 30, 2020, India reported the first case of Covid-19. Less than two months later, on the evening of March 24, 2020, the Union government announced a three-week nationwide lockdown that brought the entire country to a standstill. This first national lockdown of three weeks was then extended thrice (with some relaxations) as India remained in - [Full version: Are manufacturing jobs growing or declining? Here’s what the data shows](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/full-version-are-manufacturing-jobs-growing-or-declining-heres-what-the-data-shows/) - A study based on National Statistical Office (NSO) surveys suggests that manufacturing employment in India has grown in recent years but not to the extent quoted by some experts. - [Picture This: How caste increases stunting in Dalit kids](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/picture-this-how-caste-increases-stunting-in-dalit-kids/) - India is home to nearly one-third of all stunted children in the world, i.e., children under 5 years whose height relative to their age is below the acceptable range of global variation. The situation is so grave that the average incidence of stunting in Indian children is higher compared to the average of 30 countries - [Picture This: Misplaced concerns for population growth](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/picture-this-misplaced-concerns-for-population-growth/) - Is a large population keeping India poor and backward and do we need China like population control measures in the country? The Uttar Pradesh government has restarted this debate in the country with its new draft bill on population control. The picture above tries to help us answer questions about need to control population growth - [Picture This: India's HDI Journey Since 1990](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/picture-this-indias-hdi-journey-since-1990/) - UNDP defines HDI as, “a summary measure of average achievement in key dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, being knowledgeable and having a decent standard of living. The HDI is the geometric mean of normalized indices for each of the three dimensions.” The first Global Human Development Report was released in - [Picture This: How bad is India’s digital divide?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/picture-this-how-bad-is-indias-digital-divide/) - India’s Covid vaccination program requires citizens to register on the CoWin portal to get vaccinated. This condition has been criticized for ignoring India’s digital divide. This ‘digital divide’ also came in for criticism from the Supreme Court. Digital divide refers to the division of people based on their ability to use or access to - [Here is what NFHS-5 tells us about India](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/here-is-what-nfhs-5-tells-us-about-india/) - The Union Ministry for Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) released the findings of the second phase of the fifth round of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) in November 2021. The findings of the first phase of NFHS-5 were released in December 2020. The survey was conducted between 2019 and 2021. While the first phase covered - [Picture This: How much do states spend on healthcare?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/picture-this-how-much-do-states-spend-on-healthcare/) - The coronavirus pandemic has put the spotlight on India’s healthcare expenditure. Government Healthcare Expenditure (GHE) is the most important factor in shaping Indian healthcare system. According to NHA Estimates 2016-17, states account for 68.1 percent of all GHE in India. In the chart above, we look at per capita healthcare expenditure by 21 states over - [Covid Vaccination Program: Not a Rosy Picture](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/covid-vaccination-program-not-a-rosy-picture/) - India reported 348,979 new cases of Covid-19 infection on Saturday, 24 April 2021. It also reported 2,761 deaths on the same day. This was the highest single day rise in new cases in any country in the world since the pandemic began. With a devastating second wave of Covid-19, India now has more than 2.8 - [WPI Inflation: A Jump Fueled by Low Base](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/wpi-inflation-a-jump-fueled-by-low-base/) - The Ministry of Commerce and Industry released the index numbers for wholesale price in India for the month of March 2021 on 15 April 2021. These provisional numbers for March (the final numbers are released after two months), show the headline Wholesale Price Index (WPI) Inflation number at a 101-month high of 7.39% (see Figure - [Rising LPG prices: Clouding a cleaner future](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/rising-lpg-prices-clouding-a-cleaner-future/) - Tamil Nadu voted to elect a new government on April 6, 2021 and the result is awaited. One of the electoral promises made by the incumbent AIADMK government in its manifesto was 6 free LPG cylinders to each family every year. The challenger DMK also promised a subsidy of Rs 100 for every cylinder in - [ASER 2021: The Pandemic Widens the Gap](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/aser-2021-the-pandemic-widens-the-gap/) - Key highlights The percentage of children aged 6-14 not enrolled in any school in India rose to 4.6 percent in ASER 2020 and 2021 from 2.5 percent in the pre-pandemic survey, ASER 2018. Sharper rise in percentage of younger children (aged 6-10) not enrolled in school, as per ASER 2021 (over ASER 2018) than older - [Picture This: Air pollution affecting Covid fatality in India?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/picture-this-air-pollution-affecting-covid-fatality-in-india/) - Studies have found that exposure to air pollution can lead to severe cases of Covid-19. A Harvard study also found that people who live in regions with higher air pollution are more likely to die from the disease than those who live in less polluted regions. The second wave of the coronavirus pandemic wreaked havoc in India in - [Picture This: Has Bangladesh left India behind?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/picture-this-has-bangladesh-left-india-behind/) - “India has slipped below Bangladesh in terms of per capita income,” said some news reports recently. According to the report, while Bangladesh’s per capita income had grown to $2,227 in 2020-21, India’s had reached $1,947, thanks to the economic contraction in the previous financial year. In April 2021, International Monetary Fund’s World Economic Outlook data release also - [Picture This: India's gender gap slides further](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/indias-gender-gap-slides-further/) - The 2021 edition of the annual Global Gender Gap Report, produced by the World Economic Forum, was published recently. It examines gender gaps along four dimensions: economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health and survival and political empowerment. Of the 156 countries included this year, India is at the 17th position – from the bottom, - [Picture This: Deaths of apathy](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/picture-this-deaths-of-apathy/) - Ever since India was hit by the second wave of Covid-19, news reports and analysis have raised questions about the actual number of Covid deaths in the country. Analysts have tried to explain the reasons and the magnitude of undercounting of Covid deaths in India. The picture above plots the official data on Covid cases and fatality across - [Picture This: Covid vaccination leaving women behind](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/picture-this-covid-vaccination-leaving-women-behind/) - India’s Covid vaccination program has faced criticism for the slow pace of vaccination and for its digital portal. Previously, we had taken a look at the slowing pace of Covid vaccinations in the country in a Picture This post. The map above highlights another gap in India’s Covid vaccination program, and this is related - [Picture This: Can India emulate China and eradicate malaria?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/picture-this-can-india-emulate-china-and-eradicate-malaria/) - After a 70-year-long effort, China has finally been declared malaria-free by the WHO. The WHO notes that China used to report around 40 million cases of malaria annually in the 1940s. Globally, 40 countries have been declared malaria-free by the WHO. The global deadline for eradicating malaria is 2030. In 2017, India announced the National - [Picture This: If Indian States Were Countries – Female LFPR](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/picture-this-if-indian-states-were-countries-female-lfpr/) - India’s female labour force participation fell to 16.1 percent in July-September 2020, according to a government report. According to the World Bank, India has among the lowest female labour force participation rates (LFPR) in the world. While we are aware of India’s low female LFPR, what is the situation in Indian states? Are their - [CEDA-CMIE: In 5 years, youth employment reduces by 30 percent](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/ceda-cmie-young-workers-struggle-the-most/) - Key highlights India’s total employed numbers (aged 15 or above) had not reached pre-pandemic levels till December 2021, despite recovery. For India’s youth (aged 15 to 29), employed numbers in Oct-Dec 2021 – 72.7 million - were 13 percent lower than the same quarter in 2019 (pre-pandemic), and 30 percent lower compared to the January-March - [CEDA-CMIE: India’s shrinking female workforce](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/ceda-cmie-indias-shrinking-female-workforce/) - Key highlights National average monthly employment (male) in 2021 was 1.3 percent less than 2019 (pre-pandemic). National average monthly employment (female) in 2021 was 6.4 percent lower than 2019. Sharp decline in average monthly employment (urban female) in the country. 22.1 percent fewer women employed in urban India in 2021 as compared to 2019. Decline - [Picture This: If Indian States Were Countries – Fertility Rate](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/picture-this-if-indian-states-were-countries-fertility-rate/) - India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) declined from 5.2 to 4.5 between 1971 and 1981, and from 3.6 to 2.2 between 1991 and 2018, according to SRS 2018. TFR of a population is the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime. According to the UN Population Division, a - [Picture This: If Indian States Were Countries – Suicide Mortality](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/picture-this-if-indian-states-were-countries-suicide-mortality/) - According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 700,000 people die by suicide every year in the world. It is also the fourth leading cause of deaths for 15-19-year-olds. These tragedies affect lives, families, and have a strong impact on the family left behind. The WHO states that suicide prevention efforts require coordination between - [More farmers and fewer wage labourers](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/ceda-cmie-bulletin-no-10-more-farmers-and-fewer-wage-labourers/) - In our recent CEDA-CMIE Bulletins we have looked at changes in employment across the country by gender and by age. In this bulletin we focus on changes in employment by occupation - [Picture This: Infant Mortality Rate](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/picture-this-infant-mortality-rate/) - Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is defined as the number of infant deaths (age less than 1 year) per 1000 live births. In 2018, India had an infant mortality rate of 32, according to the Sample Registration System (SRS). Figure 1 above looks at the how infant mortality rates in India have changed between 2004 and - [GenderStats 1: Maternal Mortality Ratio](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/genderstats-1-maternal-mortality-ratio/) - The World Health Organization defines maternal mortality ratio (MMR) as the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in a specific time period. In 2015, the WHO and partners released a statement that adopted a Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of reducing MMR to 70 deaths per 100,000 live births by 2030. MMR is a - [GenderStats 4: C-Section Deliveries](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/genderstats-4-c-section-deliveries/) - The findings of the second phase of the fifth round of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) were released by the Union Ministry for Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) in November 2021. With this we get a complete picture of India’s demographic and health situation. One significant improvement seen in NFHS-5 was the rise in percentage - [GenderStats 9: Life Expectancy](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/genderstats9-life-expectancy/) - (Select the mid-year using the slider in the top right corner and hover over a state to see its average male and female life-expectancy in that year along with all-India numbers. Data for Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand and Telangana prior to 2014-18 refers to the undivided state values of MP, Bihar, UP and Andhra Pradesh respectively) - [GenderStats 12: More women participate in household decisions](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/genderstats-12-more-women-participate-in-household-decisions/) - How empowered are married women in India? One way to find out is to check their involvement in household decision-making. National Family Health Surveys tell us this with the help of data related to the percentage of currently married women who participate in three household decisions. According to NFHS, these are “decisions about health care - [The Elephant is set to overtake the Dragon, or is it?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/the-elephant-is-set-to-overtake-the-dragon-or-is-it/) - Even as India is all set to overtake China in terms of total population, this is not likely to translate to a larger workforce for the country anytime soon - [Manufacturing employment halves in 5 years](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/ceda-cmie-bulletin-manufacturing-employment-halves-in-5-years/) - CEDA-CMIE Bulletin No 4: May 2021 With the second wave of the coronavirus pandemic battering India at present, the Indian economic outlook looks bleak for the second year in a row. In 2020-21, India’s real GDP growth is estimated to be minus 8%. This would also put pressure on India’s employment numbers. In previous bulletins, - [Picture This: Covid vaccine allocation is a picture of inconsistency](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/picture-this-covid-vaccine-allocation-is-a-picture-of-inconsistency/) - The state-wise vaccine allocation data is based on a reply to a RTI application. It covers allocations till 14 April 2021. In chart 1, we looked at vaccine allocation per case reported by the state till 14 April 2021. While the highest allocation to a state per case is 31, the lowest is only - [How labour force participation rates in India vary across age groups](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/how-labour-force-participation-rates-in-india-vary-across-age-groups/) - For men, labour force participation is near universal after 25 years of age, while for women, the likelihood of being in the labour force is the highest in the 40-44 years age bracket - [Political Institutions and Policy Responses During a Crisis](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/political-institutions-and-policy-responses-during-a-crisis/) - Do countries with differing political institutions respond differently to a national crisis? The coronavirus pandemic, where almost all countries were hit by the same crisis in a short span of time, provides a rare opportunity to answer this question. For a sample of 125 countries, we use high frequency data on two measures of policy - [India as Belindia](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/india-as-belindia/) - According to a Forbes report, India has a little over 100 billionaires in 2020 – fourth highest in the world behind China (389) and the United States (614).[1] A natural hypothesis would be to suppose that the number of billionaires is related to the size of the economy. Popov (2018) examined this relationship in a - [The perils of tackling skewed sex ratios through a crackdown on sex-selective abortions](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/the-perils-of-tackling-skewed-sex-ratios-through-a-crackdown-on-sex-selective-abortions/) - The problem at hand Early data from the fifth round of the National Family and Health Survey (NFHS 5) indicates that the child sex ratio has unexpectedly declined in a number of states, with a reduction in the number of girls born per 1000 boys. This has happened despite the implementation of the nationwide ‘BetiBachaoBetiPadhao’ - [New Welfarism and the Child in India: New Evidence from the NFHS](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/new-welfarism-and-the-child-in-india-new-evidence-from-the-nfhs/) - Introduction The recently released fifth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) provides reliable and independent evidence to assess the micro-development performance of this government before Covid-19 struck. The survey covers many dimensions of health, nutrition, and overall quality of lives. This piece focusses on two of those dimensions: the government’s consciously distinctive approach - [Covid-19: Is India reporting fewer cases because of lower testing?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/covid-19-is-india-reporting-fewer-cases-because-of-lower-testing/) - India entered a three-week lockdown to tackle the Covid-19 pandemic in the month of March 2020. The first lockdown was announced on 24 March and remained in effect from 25 March 2020 to 14 April 2020. Ever since, attempts have been made to try and understand how India has fared with the coronavirus pandemic and - [Gender Gap Report 21: India’s ranking continues to slide](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/gender-gap-report-21-indias-ranking-continues-to-slide/) - The 2021 edition of the annual Global Gender Gap Report, produced by the World Economic Forum, was published recently. It examines gender gaps along four dimensions: economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health and survival and political empowerment. Of the 156 countries included this year, India is at the 17th position – from the bottom, - [Does the wording in a job ad matter for the gender mix of job applicants?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/does-the-wording-in-a-job-ad-matter-for-the-gender-mix-of-job-applicants/) - In 2017, only 24% of urban Indian women above the age of 15 were working or looking for work compared to 82% men.[i] Moreover, women who were employed earned 38% lower wages than men on an average.[ii]The extant literature on gender disparities in employment, wages and occupational segregation shows that these disparities can exist due - [Are Indian women quitting paid work because of increased sexual violence?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/are-indian-women-quitting-paid-work-because-of-increased-sexual-violence/) - Recorded labour force participation of Indian women, never very high, logged a dramatic decline between 2004-5 and 2011-12 and has continued to decline thereafter, albeit at a lower rate. The bulk of the decline has been in the labour force participation rate (LFPR) of rural women; urban women, whose LFPR was always lower than that - [Covid-19: Income Shocks and Female Employment](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/covid-19-income-shocks-and-female-employment/) - The Covid-19 pandemic and the ensuing lockdowns have inflicted unprecedented human and socioeconomic losses across the world. India enforced one of the strictest lockdowns in the world leading to a contraction of the GDP by 24% year-on-year in Q1 2020-21 (April- June 2020) and unemployment levels reaching historic highs of 23.5% in April 2020 and - ['Inflation Targeting' and Inflation Control](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/inflation-targeting-and-inflation-control/) - 1. The issue: Since 2016, the Government of India has designated inflation control as the sole objective of monetary policy. It was claimed that this was a move to a ‘modern monetary policy framework’. With this the RBI made the transition to an inflation targeting central bank which most central banks within the OECD are, with - [December 2021](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/december-2021/) - [November 2021](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/november-2021/) - [October 2021](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/october-2021/) - [September 2021](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/september-2021/) - [August 2021](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/august-2021/) - [July 2021](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/july-2021/) - [June 2021](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/june-2021/) - [May 2021](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/may-2021/) - [April 2021](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/april-2021/) - [March 2021](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/march-2021/) - [February 2022](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/february-2022/) - [January 2022](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/january-2022/) - [March 2022](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/march-2022/) - [April 2022](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/april-2022/) - [May 2022](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/may-2022/) - [June 2022](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/june-2022/) - [Rural sanitation: NFHS vs other surveys](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/rural-sanitation-nfhs-vs-other-surveys/) - Key highlights NFHS data on sanitation can be compared with official data from the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation to check progress towards reducing open defecation and achieving Swatch Bharat Mission goals. There are significant disparities between NFHS results and those of National Annual Rural Sanitation Survey (NARSS) which is conducted by the Ministry. - [The challenge of measuring and addressing hunger and malnutrition in India](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/the-challenge-of-measuring-and-addressing-hunger-and-malnutrition-in-india/) - The Global Hunger Index, an international tool developed to track hunger, has its flaws and limitations. So, what are some other data sources that measure hunger and malnutrition, and what do they show? - [How households intend to save – Part 2](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/ceda-cmie-bulletin-how-households-intend-to-save-part-2/) - How has the Covid-19 pandemic affected personal (household) savings? There is a trade-off between current liquidity and locking money away in assets. In our last CEDA-CMIE Bulletin we took a longer look at how intention to save has changed from January 2017 to April 2021, instead of zooming in narrowly around the pandemic. We based - [Where do Indian households borrow money from?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/where-do-indian-households-borrow-money-from/) - In this CEDA-CMIE bulletin, we look at the different sources of household borrowings. We examine these patterns for variation by region (urban-vs-rural), state, and household income, and identify how these trends have changed in recent years. - [Why do Indian households borrow money?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/why-do-indian-households-borrow-money/) - In this CEDA-CMIE bulletin, we examine the different reasons for which Indian households borrow money. We identify these trends across region, states, income groups, and over time. - [How much do Indian households spend on healthcare every month?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/how-much-do-indian-households-spend-on-healthcare-every-month/) - In this CEDA-CMIE bulletin, we look at how much money Indian households spend on healthcare and related services. We examine these patterns by region (urban-vs-rural), state, and household income. - [India’s Budget 2021-22: A Passing Grade](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/indias-budget-2021-22-a-passing-grade/) - Any evaluation of major policy documents such as the annual budget must keep the context in mind. This is particularly true at this juncture because these have been extraordinary times with the global pandemic having battered practically every national economy. The Indian economy has suffered more than most others with GDP plummeting by 7.7 percent - [Picture This: Inflation Expectations and Reality](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/picture-this-inflation-expectations-and-reality/) - As has been reported, all 5 states that go to the upcoming polls have experienced inflation rates higher than the national average. In the past five years, Punjab has experienced rates of inflation higher than the national average in three years, while UP has seen two years of higher-than-average inflation. As some commentators have - [Decoding menstrual hygiene in India: the strides that we have made, and the battles yet to be won](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/decoding-menstrual-hygiene-in-india-the-strides-that-we-have-made-and-the-battles-yet-to-be-won/) - The use of hygienic methods of menstrual protection has seen a significant jump in recent years, enabled by the opening up of conversation on menstrual matters and a policy push to improve access. However, the Covid-19 lockdown experience and sustained high use of cloth serve a cautionary tale. - [How affordable is an institutional delivery in India?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/how-affordable-is-an-institutional-delivery-in-india/) - Institutional births – deliveries that take place in a health facility – play an important role in reducing maternal and neonatal mortality. Given the critical lifesaving role such deliveries often play, various countries around the world aim at ensuring all births take place in an institutional setting as their main strategy for reducing maternal mortality (World Health Organization (WHO)). Across India, - [The worrying patterns of tobacco consumption in India](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/the-worrying-patterns-of-tobacco-consumption-in-india/) - Four out of every ten households in India have someone who smokes, which means that in addition to direct tobacco consumption, a large share of Indians is exposed to secondhand smoke. This has potentially serious consequences for Indians’ health, and also for the country’s economy. - [The burgeoning share of under-trial prisoners in India’s jails](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/the-burgeoning-share-of-under-trial-prisoners-in-indias-jails/) - For every ten prisoners in India, only two have actually been convicted of a crime. The share of those under trial has been growing every year, and those awaiting trial - a disproportionate share of whom come from marginalized communities - are spending longer times languishing in jails. - [India’s mixed progress on improving its skewed sex ratio at birth](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/indias-mixed-progress-on-improving-its-skewed-sex-ratio-at-birth/) - India’s notoriously low sex ratio at birth (SRB) has improved in recent years but the gains are led by urban parts, while progress in rural parts appears to be stagnating, data released recently by the Census’ Sample Registration System (SRS) bulletin shows. The sex ratio at birth is the ratio of newborn babies based on - [How many Indian households use clean fuel for cooking?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/how-many-indian-households-use-clean-fuel-for-cooking/) - Six in ten Indian households were using LPG as their primary source of fuel for cooking in 2020-21, but there was a large gap between urban and rural areas. - [How many Indians live in a pucca house with basic amenities?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/how-many-indians-live-in-a-pucca-house-with-basic-amenities/) - Less than a third of houses in India were pucca houses having a separate kitchen, a toilet, a bathroom with some arrangement for disposing of household waste in 2020-21. - [Daily Food Price Index by CEDA](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/daily-food-price-index-by-ceda/) - Key highlights CEDA has created an index using daily food prices to track inflation in retail and wholesale food markets in real time The Daily Food Price Index by CEDA is based on data from the Department of Consumer Affairs (DoCA) The Food Prices Index is strongly correlated with both CPI-food as well as WPI- - [Tur-nomics: Prices of India’s favourite dal heat up](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/tur-nomics-prices-of-indias-favourite-dal-heat-up/) - Retail prices of Tur (Arhar) dal jumped from INR 110.5 per kg on average across the country at the beginning of the year to INR 135.7 per kg by July 31, 2023. Prices of this dal have risen faster than the overall food prices. - [GenderStats 8: Women leave the workforce](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/genderstats-8-women-leave-the-workforce/) - Female labour participation rate in India had fallen to 16.1 percent during July-September 2020, as per a government report. This was the result of the Covid-19 pandemic affecting the Indian economy and job market. How has female employment and female share in the labour force changed over the years? In this post, we look at employment - [Shifts in women's (and men's) work in India over two decades: evidence from time use surveys 1998-2019](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/shifts-in-womens-and-mens-work-in-india-over-two-decades-evidence-from-time-use-surveys-1998-2019/) - Key highlights The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) conducted two time-use surveys in 1998-1999 and in 2019, providing a look at how individuals spent their time over 24 hours. This provides a more detailed look at questions of labour force participation and work as compared to employment-unemployment surveys like the PLFS. While there has not - [GenderStats 13: Women’s representation in India’s police force](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/genderstats-13-womens-representation-in-indias-police-force/) - While women’s representation in the police has been growing in recent years, the pace remains slow. They made up only 10.5 percent of all police officers in the country as of January 01, 2021. - [Decoding women’s labour force participation in 2021-22: What the Periodic Labour Force Survey shows](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/decoding-womens-labour-force-participation-in-2021-22-what-the-periodic-labour-force-survey-shows/) - After recording some improvement in recent years, the growth in female labour force participation rate in India now seems to be stagnating. Among the women who work, the share of those who are self-employed has been increasing in recent years, even as their average earnings, already low, have dwindled further. - [Trends in youth employment in India: 2017-18 to 2022-23](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/trends-in-youth-employment-in-india-2017-18-to-2022-23/) - Much has been said about India’s demographic dividend, but the high shares of unemployed youth, especially young women and those with higher levels of education merit urgent attention. - [CEDA Coronavirus Policy Brief: Still As Relevant](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/ceda-coronavirus-policy-brief-still-as-relevant/) - The data released by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare earlier this morning shows that India registered 2,59,170 new cases of coronavirus infections in the previous 24 hours. Moreover, there were 1,761 fatalities across India because of Covid-19. At more than 2 million, the total number of active cases in India now far exceeds - [Industrial Production: Covid only made a bad situation worse](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/industrial-production-covid-only-made-a-bad-situation-worse/) - On May 12, 2021, the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), Government of India released the quick estimates of India’s Index of Industrial Production (IIP) for the month of March 2021. IIP was up 22.4 percent in March 2021, according to the release. The release also had the final numbers for the month of - [Covid-19: How vulnerable are Indian states?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/covid-19-how-vulnerable-are-indian-states/) - The Covid-19 pandemic has hit India badly. The health and economic impacts have differed in severity across Indian states, which were already heterogeneous in terms of their economic and health indicators before the pandemic. In our recent paper (Covid-19: Indices of economic and health vulnerability for the Indian states) we explore an interesting research question: - [Picture This: How badly has Covid affected Indian schools?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/picture-this-school-closure/) - The coronavirus pandemic has not only taken a toll on people’s health globally, but it has also upended normal economic activity. Large economies across the world have suffered prolonged downturns as strict lockdown measures have been enforced to keep the spread of the disease in check. A major impact of these lockdown measures has been - [Covid and jobs: The salaried, younger workers, and women suffered more](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/covid-and-jobs-the-salaried-younger-workers-and-women-suffered-more/) - Key highlights Urban India suffers higher job losses than rural India in 2020-21 compared to 2019-20 Women’s share of workforce goes down even further in 2020-21 over 2019-20 Younger people suffer more job losses in percentage terms in 2020-21 over 2019-20 Younger people showing signs of distressed worker effect as their numbers of unemployed but - [Picture This: If Indian States Were Countries - GDP per capita](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/picture-this-if-indian-states-were-countries-1/) - India is the seventh largest country in the world in terms of area and has the second largest population in the world at 1.36 billion. In 2015, The Economist called it “a continent masquerading as a country.” Taking this thought forward, CEDA is starting a series where we will look at how Indian states - [Picture This: If Indian States Were Countries – Life Expectancy](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/picture-this-if-indian-states-were-countries-life-expectancy/) - Life expectancy is an important metric that assesses both a population’s health and a country’s healthcare system. It is a measure of the average time a person is expected to live in a country. According to the United Nations, the world had a global life expectancy of 72.6 years in 2019. This was a - [AIDIS 2019: Lower assets and higher indebtedness for Indian households](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/aidis-2019-lower-assets-and-higher-indebtedness-for-indian-households/) - Key highlights Some of the richer states like Kerala, Punjab, Haryana, and Gujarat saw their overall rural average value of assets (AVA) decline in AIDIS 2019 over AIDIS 2013. Haryana, Punjab, and Kerala even saw their urban AVA decline in AIDIS 2019 over AIDIS 2013 Cultivator households in rural India and self-employed households in urban - [GenderStats 2: The Literacy Gap](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/genderstats-2-the-literacy-gap/) - Literacy is one of the basic indicators of a society’s development. It enables an individual’s in social, economic, and cultural growth in a society. When we look at literacy from the point of view of gender, it also reveals the gap between men and women in that society. In this second part of CEDA’s - [How India moves: Understanding patterns of migration within the country](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/how-india-moves-understanding-patterns-of-migration-within-the-country/) - A majority of those who had migrated as of 2020-21 had moved within the same state, and only a tenth of all migrants had moved for work-related reasons. - [Daily status, weekly status, usual status: Why labour force participation rates vary by reference period](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/daily-status-weekly-status-usual-status-why-labour-force-participation-rates-vary-by-reference-period/) - Scholars who have ever used data from the Periodic Labour Force Surveys (PLFS) and the previous Employment-Unemployment Surveys of the NSS would be familiar that economic activity is captured and reported in different ways. - [Female sterilisation in India: Prevalence, informed choice and regret](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/female-sterilisation-in-india-prevalence-informed-choice-and-regret/) - Contraceptive use in India has been increasing in recent decades, but much of the increase can be attributed to the increase in the adoption of one particular method - female sterilisation - [India’s agricultural goods trade, 2013-2022](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/indias-agricultural-goods-trade-2013-2022/) - While cereals, particularly rice, comprise the bulk of the Indian exports of agricultural goods, edible oils comprise the dominant share of agricultural imports - [GenderStats 10: How do Women’s Wages Compare with that of Men?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/genderstats-10-how-do-womens-wages-compare-with-that-of-men/) - There has been a great deal of attention on the phenomenon of declining women’s participation in the labour force and in paid work. Previous CEDA bulletins have focused on gender gaps in job losses. In this post, we look at the average daily wages received by both male and female “regular wage and salaried workers” - [True Impact of Lockdown on Employment](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/true-impact-of-lockdown-on-employment/) - 1. Introduction The Covid outbreak appeared as a national crisis towards the middle of March 2020. To counter the spread of the Covid infection, the government ordered a nationwide lockdown from 24th March 2020. Economic activities resumed from the first week of June with restrictions on activities and movement continuing in many sectors and areas. - [Viewing Caste Inequality Upside Down](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/viewing-caste-inequality-upside-down/) - Three south Indian states, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana have adopted a set of measures that are extraordinary by any yardstick. These provide preferential schemes for Brahmins, the jati (caste) unambiguously at the top of the caste hierarchy. These measures are perverse for four reasons. One, they invert the logic and purpose of preferential policies - [Dominant or Backward? The Maratha Quota Controversy](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/dominant-or-backward-the-maratha-quota-controversy/) - The description “backward” to define communities is yet another colonial relic which we, as a collective, embrace with such enthusiasm, that we almost forget what it is supposed to mean. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the arguments in favour of reservations by landowning castes that are politically and economically dominant. The demand for - [Picture This: Is family planning a gender issue or a religious issue?](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/picture-this-is-family-planning-a-gender-issue-or-a-religious-issue/) - [sp_wpcarousel id="2995"] Contraceptive use in India is low compared to the global average. 76% women in the reproductive age group globally have their family planning needs satisfied by a modern method of contraception. 53.5% of married women in India used any contraceptive method in 2015-16, according to National Family and Health Survey data (NFHS-4). - [Picture This: How India and China's income distributions compare](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/picture-this-how-india-and-chinas-income-distributions-compare/) - The Pew Research Center analyzed the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on India and China’s middle class. Owing to India and China’s large populations (one-third of global population), the changes in these two countries have an outsized impact on global numbers. Yes, India and China have comparable population sizes (1,380 million and 1,404 million respectively) - [Covid-19 setback: The strongest reversal in India’s battle against extreme poverty](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/covid-19-setback-the-strongest-reversal-in-indias-battle-against-extreme-poverty/) - In January 2020, just as the world was hearing about the outbreak of Covid-19 in Wuhan, China, the World Bank forecast that the global economy would grow by 2.5% in the calendar year 2020. This year in January, the World Bank estimates for the global economy suggest a contraction of 4.3%. This includes an estimate - [Picture This : Women who watch more TV justify wife-beating less](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/women-who-watch-more-tv-justify-wife-beating-less-nfhs-4/) - Is there a relationship between television viewership and women's justification for wife-beating? NFHS-4 (2015-16) data reveals that women in districts with higher exposure to TV justified wife-beating less. Taking district-wise exposure to TV (percentage of people who watch TV almost every day) on the x-axis and district-wise percentage of women who justify wife-beating on the - [Covid-19 and lockdown: How household expenses bore the brunt](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/covid-19-and-lockdown-how-household-expenses-bore-the-brunt/) - CEDA-CMIE Bulletin No 3: March 2021 In February, we looked at the monthly household income and individual wage income data from CMIE’s Consumer Pyramids Household Survey. The data we analyzed in the CEDA-CMIE Bulletin 2, revealed the extent of damage the Covid-19 pandemic and the nationwide lockdown did to both household and individual wage incomes - [Why Gender Quotas in Politics Matter: The Role of Female Voters](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/why-gender-quotas-in-politics-matter-the-role-of-female-voters/) - According to the Inter Parliamentary Union 2021 report on Women in Politics, women occupy only 25.5% seats in national parliaments or the highest governing bodies at the national level. Their dismal numerical representation in the political sphere not only cripples the goal of achieving gender equality but also undermines women’s substantive representation. To improve their - [Decline In Female Labour Force Participation: Be Cautious How You Interpret It](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/decline-in-female-labour-force-participation-be-cautious-how-you-interpret-it/) - Ashish Bose noted that data on women workers do not fully capture women’s work (Bose 2004). What accounts for this omission, and how can we address it? Prior research has noted that what is identified as work varies by gender. Activities performed by men are often called “work” by respondents; the same activities, when performed - [Unwanted Daughters: The Impact of a Ban on Sex Selection on the Educational Attainment of women](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/unwanted-daughters-the-impact-of-a-ban-on-sex-selection-on-the-educational-attainment-of-women/) - We study whether legal restrictions on prenatal discrimination against females leads to a shift by parents towards postnatal discrimination. We exploit the staggered introduction of a ban on sex-selective abortions across states in India to find that a legal restriction on abortions in India led to an increase in the number of females born, as - [Covid-19 and lockdown: Impact on household and individual wage income](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/covid-19-and-lockdown-impact-on-household-and-individual-wage-income/) - CEDA-CMIE Bulletin No. 2: February 2021 Earlier this month, CMIE released the monthly household income and individual wage income for the month of September 2020. India entered the first complete lockdown from March 25, 2020. As all economic activity came to a complete halt, the first half of FY2020-21 bore the brunt of the pandemic. - [The Interstate Variation in Mortality from COVID-19 in India](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/the-interstate-variation-in-mortality-from-covid-19-in-india/) - While the response to COVID-19 by the Government of India has been more or less uniform across the country, in that a lockdown was imposed throughout, the death rate has varied across the states. This suggests that region-specific factors are likely to be relevant to the determination of this rate. A significant aspect of this study is - [Employment in 2020: Monthly changes by gender, sector and occupation](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/monthly-changes-in-employment-in-2020-sectoral-gender-and-occupation-profile/) - CEDA-CMIE Special Bulletin No.1: January 2021 As CMIE figures show, the post-lockdown recovery in employment was short-lived. In December 2020, the unemployment rate was 9.1 percent, the highest since the national lockdown in April, 2020. Every month since April, 2020, employment has been lower than the corresponding month in 2018 and 2019, according to CMIE - [Growth Transitions in India: Myth and Reality](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/growth-transitions-in-india-myth-and-reality/) - Growth has consistently remained a central topic in economic policy considerations of the government in India. However, there has also been a more scholarly interest in it among social scientists. As a part of the latter tradition, this paper addresses the proper delineation of the phases of growth in India, a matter of some discussion - [Measuring Work: Comparing Employment-Unemployment Surveys with Time Use Surveys](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/measuring-work-comparing-employment-unemployment-surveys-with-time-use-surveys/) - In a simple economic framework households supply labor and businesses absorb them (the circular flow). Thus we can measure labor either from households or from business establishments. Ideally the two sides should give the same numbers, but that never happens in practice. The boundaries of business establishments are blurred, and defy clear identification to have - [Here Today, Gone Tomorrow: COVID-19 and Supply Chain Disruption](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/here-today-gone-tomorrow-covid-19-and-supply-chain-disruption/) - This paper looks at the disruption in food supply chains due to COVID-19 induced economic shutdown in India. We use a novel dataset from one of the largest online grocery retailers to look at the impact on product stock-outs and prices. We find that product availability falls by 10 percent for vegetables, fruits, and edible - [The COVID-19 Pandemic and Gendered Division of Paid and Unpaid Work: Evidence from India](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/the-covid-19-pandemic-and-gendered-division-of-paid-and-unpaid-work-evidence-from-india/) - Examining high frequency national-level panel data from Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) on paid work (employment), unpaid work (time spent on domestic work) and incomes, this paper examines the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the gender gaps in paid and unpaid work through the lockdown and recovery phases. The first month of the - [Epidemics: A Tale of Two Workers](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/epidemics-a-tale-of-two-workers/) - This paper shows that the labour market opportunities available to an agent has a significant bearing on how that agent experiences the outbreak of an epidemic. I consider two types of labour (i) market labour that can only produce output in close physical proximity, and (ii) remote labour that can produce output at a distance. - [National Crime Records Bureau](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/financial-independence-among-youths-of-india/) - CEDA has collated year-wise district-level excel files from the National Crime Records Bureau's (NCRB) website. Variables such as crimes committed against SCs, SCTs, Women, Children, Senior Citizens and Foreigners have been neatly arranged by years. District level crime data is available for 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2019. Download now to start analysing the crime data. - [Note on District Concordance](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/covid-the-economic-barriers-in-the-modern/) - Given that districts are constantly revised and redrawn by states, with new districts added or existing districts redrawn, the district data becomes inconsistent and incomparable across years, if no action is taken to standardise the data. There were 593 districts as of census 2001, rising to 640 districts as of census 2011. The periodic labour - [NFHS 5 Factsheet](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/economic-slowdown/) - National Family Health Survey (NFHS) recently released state-wise estimates of key variables for the year 2019-2020 (NFHS 5). CEDA has generated state-wise excel files from the NFHS-5 Factsheet, which can be used readily to generate visualisations and analyse data. Download the excel files to start your analysis now. - [Price Deflator](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/price-deflator/) - CEDA has collated price series deflators for Consumer Price Index (CPI) for both Industrial Workers andAgricultural Labourers from the year 1999 to 2017. Download the excel sheet now to start converting from current to constant prices. ## Pages - [Home](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/) - New product launch - CEDA Economic Enterprise Tracker Block Pattern: Cover Unravelling patterns in complex data Explore Data → 🟩 Humane Container Stat of the week Explore more stats > 47 percent The average share of food in the total monthly per capita expenditure incurred by a rural household in 2023-24 In comparison, among urban - [People](https://ceda.ashoka.edu.in/team/) - Block Pattern: Cover Our Team The Economics Department of Ashoka University has set up the Centre for Economic Data and Analysis (CEDA) with the primary aim of facilitating informed debate about economic and social developments in India. 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[Vikas Dimble]() - [Arvind Subramanian]() - [Aparajita Dasgupta]() - [Anisha Sharma]() - [Shahid Jameel]() - [Maitreesh Ghatak]() - [Panchali Banerjee]() - [Bharat Ramaswami]() - [Preetha Joseph]() - [Raashika Moudgill]() - [Aloke Kar]() - [Ananta Bhushan]() - [Sneha Thomas]() - [The Udaiti Foundation]() - [Jayati Gupta]() - [S. K. Ritadhi]()